Nov, 2016 despite significant progress in studying thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide adn, the kinetics of the process at the level of elementary stages has not been adequately understood. See ammonium dinitramide aerodynamic deformation, 347 drag coe. Characteristics of nepe propellant with ammonium dinitramide. The sem of nepe propellants and the mechanical sensitivity were also. Because it offers higher performance than conventional oxidizers. Dissolution properties of ammonium dinitramide in n methyl. Modeling of ammonium dinitramide adn monopropellant. Hello fellow wikipedians, i have just modified one external link on ammonium dinitramide. It is also a candidate as an ingredient in underwater explosives. These new nitrogenrich salts tend to have extensive hydrogen bonding and exhibit high densities and thermal stabilities. It would also be an excellent oxidizer in pyrotechnics, since it produces a lot of gas giving a large flame and lots of light output. Thermogravimetryfourier transform infrared tgftir and thermogravimetrymass spectrometer tgms techniques were used to verify the calcula.
The dissolution properties of ammonium dinitramide adn in nmethyl pyrrolidone nmp were studied with a rd4962000 calvet microcalorimeter at four different temperatures under atmospheric pressure. Ammonium dinitramide adn based liquid monopropellant flp103 in. Ammonium dinitramide adn in its generic form has a long needle shaped structure, which hinders higher solid loading. Differential scanning calorimetry dsc thermogram of adn. The decomposition reactions of adn have been discussed by many researchers. Thermal stability of ammonium dinitramide sciencedirect. Ammonium dinitramide should be kept in closed plastic bottles, away from acids and anything combustible.
Ammonium hydrogen fluoride cas 41497 ammonium nitrate including fertilizers containing more than 15% by weight ammonium nitrate arsenic trichloride cas 7784341 benzilic acid cas 76937 carboxyterminated polybutadiene including carboxylterminated polybutadiene ctpb. Similarly to ammonium nitrate, adn is hygroscopic and readily soluble in water and other polar solvents but scarcely soluble in nonpolar solvents. Effects of ammonium dinitramide on preimplantation embryos. Abstract the synthesis of potassium dinitramide kdn, an intermediate in the ammonium dinitramide adn synthesis. Most alkali metal salts of dinitramide are presented in the literature.
The molar enthalpies and the differential molar enthalpies for adn in nmp were also obtained at the same time. The cerafab system produces 3d parts starting from a cad file and converts it directly. A combined experimental and theoretical study of the thermal. Adn as oxidizer and erythritol tetranitrate as fuel, keeping the same. Ammonium dinitramide is a powerful oxidizer and may explode under strong heating or shock. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent. A series of new energetic salts based on the polyamino1guanyltriazole cation with three to five amino groups and the dinitramide anion were synthesized. Request pdf an overview on the synthetic routes and properties of ammonium dinitramide adn and other dinitramide salts in recent years, there has.
In the present study, an overall decomposition mechanism of ammonium dinitramide adn in the gas phase via density functional theory dft calculations was studied. Assessment of the synthesis routes conditions for obtaining ammonium dinitramide by the ftir abstract. Thermal analysis of ammonium dinitramide adn sciencedirect. Coating of adn was carried out by a solution coating method, employing either ethyl cellulose or pmma as. Moreover, the low critical humidity level of adn renders it unusable in a humid climate. Ammonium dinitramide nh 4 n no 2 2 abbreviated adn is a relatively new oxidizer which may be environmentally friendly because it does not have a halogen acid decomposition product. Thermal decomposition and combustion of ammonium dinitramide. Analysis of ammonium dinitramide adn, the advance rocket propellant oxidizer, in pure form as well as in mixtures was carried out by ion chromatography ic.
The burning characteristics and the thermal decomposition of propellants were determined by nickel chromium wire method and tg dtg, respectively. Thermogravimetryfourier transform infrared tgftir and thermogravimetrymass spectrometer tgms techniques were used to verify the calculation results. The decomposition rates of adn at 60, 70, 80, and 90 c were investigated. The journal of physical chemistry c 2011, 115 21, 1058810596. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to optimize its crystal morphology into octagonal shapes. Ammonium dinitramide, or adn nh4nno22, is an energetic material which is a potential replacement for ammonium perchlorate nh4clo4 or ap in composite propellants. Green propellants based on ammonium dinitramide adn, advances in spacecraft technologies, jason hall, intechopen, doi. Several potential thermal stabilizers were investigated to suppress the low temperature decomposition 6090 c of adn. Granular activated charcoal srl limited, mumbai of particle size 35mm was dried at 120c for 1012h and stored in a desiccator prior to.
It is a lowsignature environmentally friendly propellant, with chlorinefree combustion products. Eurenco is equipped with a pilotscale production of crystalline adn. Adsorption of ammonium dinitramide adn from aqueous solutions. Anders larsson and niklas wingborg february 14th 2011. Cas 1191157 ammonium dinitramide msds toxicity property. Previous studies have shown that adn is a female reproductive toxicant, causing implantation failure in spraguedawley rats when it is administered during the preimplantation period of gestation.
Over the last two decades, many routes have been proposed to synthesize ammonium dinitramide adn. Herein, the energetic oxidizer ammonium dinitramide adn is combined with fuel. Adn, mman and urea in a vial followed by manual agitation. A vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy and quantum chemical study. Dissolution properties of ammonium dinitramide in n. Characterisation and thrust measurements from electrolytic. Hsubr, the vapor pressure could be obtained by extrapolation to the thermodynamic temperature 25oc. Apart of having a higher specific impulse than the worldwide renowned oxidizer, ammonium perchlorate, adn has the advantage, of leaving behind only nitrogen. Sep 23, 2019 the alternative approach, composite formulation, fails to achieve intimate association of the components to the detriment of performance. Milled fine fraction crystals and prilled spherical particles could be supplied. The dinitramide anion, nno22 inorganic chemistry acs.
Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire. The dinitramide salts have high oxygen content and are prepared with different counterions including potassium cesium, ammonium and hydrazinium salts. Adn decomposes under heat to leave only nitrogen, oxygen, and water. This is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted. Polyaminosubstituted guanyltriazole dinitramide salts. Sensitivity and performance characterization of ammonium dinitramide adn. In the present study, the effect of sample pans, i. Gently heat the filtrate solution to dryness to obtain crude ammonium dinitramide. The data collected was stored in the computer and later analyzed using the 680dsp spectral workstation for n 2 o, nh 3 and nh 4 no 3 evolution. Ammonium dinitramide, adn, is a strong oxidizer and an explosive. Mechanism and kinetics for ammonium dinitramide adn. Ammonium dinitramide limit the search to the library catalogue.
Ammonium dinitramide adn is a novel energetic material that can be used as a liquid monopropellant or as an ingredient in solidrocket propellants 1. Han, ammonium nitrate an, water and methanol, as the propellant in our research projects. Optimization of potassium dinitramide preparation request pdf. A typical sequence for n 2 o and an is shown in fig. Add the crystals to 150 ml of acetone and stir for 1 hour. Smokeless propulsion of missiles has a great military value. Green propellants based on ammonium dinitramide adn 141 temperature oc 50 100 150 200 250 300 heat flow wg15105 0 5 10 adn 20089012 fig. The project works to allow users to contribute quality articles and media files to the encyclopedia and track their progress as they are developed. Add 150 ml of ethyl acetate to the mixture and filter to remove any undissolved material. Sciencemadness discussion board easiest adn synthesis. Coating of spherical ammonium dinitramide adn particles in order to use in propellants, the crystallized spherical particles of adn are to be suitably coated to prevent the grains from absorbing moisture at ambient conditions 41. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours. The spectra of the gaseous decomposition products n 2 o and nh 3 and the condensed ammonium nitrate on the cold part of the cell window were monitored every 1, 2, or 4 h.
Export controlled chemicals, including mixtures and. Estimating ambient vapor pressures of low volatility. Ammonium dinitramide is the ammonium salt of dinitraminic acid. It is, however, significantly more sensitive to detonation than ammonim perchlorate during combustion. Despite significant progress in studying thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide adn, the kinetics of the process at the level of elementary stages has not been adequately understood. Safety evaluation detonability test we conducted detonability tests using steel tubes1 for evaluating the safety of the propellant. It has additional potential as an ingredient in lova propellants and as a melt cast matrix for high explosives. The molecular surface structure of ammonium and potassium dinitramide. Ion chromatographic analysis of ammonium dinitramide. Synthesis of ammonium dinitramide by nitration of potassium and. Weight fraction adn 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 temperature o c4020 0 20 40 60 80 100 fig.
Such an inhibition leads to a lower rate of decomposition in the solid phase than in the liquid phase. Nato, pfp, md, ici, australia, japan, republic of korea, singapore, south africa. Assessment of the synthesis routes conditions for obtaining. I have just modified one external link on ammonium dinitramide. The ammonium dinitramide can be purified by recrystallizing from nbutanol.
On the mechanism of thermal decomposition of ammonium. Index a abrupt ddt, 108, 110, 121 acceleration ability, 261, 266, 274, 277 cylinder test, cylinder shell velocity, 240, 254, 255 m60, 251 plate acceleration ability, plate velocity, 252, 253, 255 t20, 251 acidsoluble metals, 292 activation energy, 319 adn. From table 1, it can be seen that shp has a lower freezing point, higher density and higher specific impulse, which provides significant advantages in spacecraft applications as described later. As shown by the diagram and photographs in figure 6, a glass test tube filled with propellant was placed inside a steel tube that had a no. Green propellants based on ammonium dinitramide adn. The majority of these studies focuses on product detection, typically at temperatures above its melting point, 365 5 1 k, under pressurizedconditions where both gaseous and condensedphase. Basic properties and spectroscopic data for the energetic oxidizer adn ammonium dinitramide nh 4nno 2 2 are presented. It makes an excellent solid rocket oxidizer with a slightly higher specific impulse than ammonium perchlorate and more importantly. This property is also of military interest because halogen free smoke is harder to detect. Ion chromatographic analysis of ammonium dinitramideoxidizer.
The result is a material with a balanced oxidantfuel ratio in which the components maintain intimate association. Ammonium dinitramide adn is the ammonium salt of dinitraminic acid. The impact of multiple amino groups in the cation of the dinitramide salts was investigated. An application would be as a strong oxidant in pyrotechnical compositions. Achieving balanced energetics through cocrystallization. Synthesis of ammonium dinitramide by nitration of potassium. Rocket solid propellant alternative based on ammonium dinitramide. Hto of energetics using an and potassium dinitramide phase stabilized ammonium nitrate kdnpsan 39 conclusions 40 future research 40 7 scc0 2 extraction and hto of em 41 introduction 41 source document 41 scc0 2 extraction of m31a1e1 propellant components 41 hto of scc0 2 m31a1e1 extracted components 42 conclusions 43. It makes an excellent solid rocket oxidizer with a slightly higher specific impulse than ammonium perchlorate and more importantly, does not leave hydrogen chloride fumes. A salt of metal m is easily synthesized from an aqueous solution of adn in the laboratory scale. The molar enthalpies and the differential molar enthalpies for adn in nmp were also obtained at the.
In the present study, ammonium dinitramide adn was synthesized by the nitration of potassium sulfamate ps salt with mixed acids of nitricsulfuric acid in the ratio of 4. Due to the continuous run for a green environment the current article proposes a new type of solid propellant based on the fairly new synthesized oxidizer, ammonium dinitramide adn. Adsorption of ammonium dinitramide adn from aqueous. The ammonium salt of dinitramide anion, nh4nno22 or adn. The existence of stable dinitramides was first published in 1991 in two patent applications filed by the us research stablishment, sri. The low temperature thermal stability of ammonium dinitramide adn and efforts to improve the thermal stability are presented. The process solution adnps containing ammonium sulphate 4100 mg. Coating and burnrate studies of ammonium dinitramide adn. Structure, properties, spectra, suppliers and links for. In agreement with the variations observed in the crystal structures, the vibrational spectra of the nno22 anion are also strongly influenced by. Export controlled chemicals, including mixtures and compounds. Ammonium dinitramide, adn, has a potential as an oxidizer for underwater high explosives. Ammonium dinitramide 140456786 ammonium nitrate 6484522 4024 ed 3 ammonium perchlorate 7790989 4299. The theoretical performances of nepe nitrate ester plasticized polyether propellant with and without adn were calculated with minimum free energy method.
Combustion mechanism article pdf available in journal of propulsion and power 224. Ammonium dinitramide 140456786 ammonium nitrate 6484522 4024 ed 3 ammonium perchlorate 7790989 4299 ed 1 mila192b not 3 68265 a 1. Preparation, properties and application of ammonium nitrate an, nh 4 no 3, ammonium perchlorate ap, nh 4 clo 4, ammonium dinitramide and, nh 4 nno 2 2, hydrazinium nitroformate hnf, n 2 h 5 cno 2 3 etc. Van vlack, lawrence h, elements of material science and engineering, 6th edition, new. A combined experimental and theoretical study of the. An overview on the synthetic routes and properties of ammonium. Computational study of the decomposition mechanisms of ammonium dinitramide in the gas phase. The purity of ammonium dinitramide was directly determined by estimating the dinitramide ions and indirectly by estimating the impurities. Preparation and thermal decomposition behavior of ammonium. The adn used for this work was synthesized by a new efficient and environmentally friendly method. Introduction dinitramide salts, a uniquely stable oxyanion of nitrogen, were first discovered in 1988 1,2.
The work presented here is an extension of previous work. However, most of them lie in routes in which reactants are too expensive for largescale production. Pdf rocket solid propellant alternative based on ammonium. Otherwise, adn looks a very promising oxidizer, that gives more isp than ammonium perchlorate, a signature free exhaust and good combustion characteristics.
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